A urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs when bacteria invade and grow in the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra. About 6 in 10 women and 1 in 10 men will have at least one UTI during their lifetime. Untreated urinary tract infections caused by underlying conditions may lead to kidney damage.

What Is a Urinary Tract Infection?

The urinary system, also called the urinary tract, includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It makes and removes urine from the body. The kidneys filter waste and extra water from the blood to make urine, which flows to the bladder and leaves the body through the urethra. Normally, this flow helps prevent infection. A UTI happens when germs from the skin or rectum enter the urinary tract and multiply. UTIs are very common and lead to nearly 10 million doctor visits each year.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

These factors can increase the risk of a urinary tract infection:

• Being female, due to a shorter urethra closer to the rectum
• Sexual activity, which can push bacteria toward the bladder
• Hormonal changes after menopause
• Use of diaphragms or spermicides
• Weakened immune system, such as with diabetes
• Urinary blockages or trouble emptying the bladder
• Use of urinary catheters
• Past UTIs
• Pregnancy‑related changes that slow urine flow
• Older age or young children, often due to hygiene or bladder issues

Signs and Symptoms of UTI

Some people may not notice any symptoms. However, most people experience one or more of the following:

1. A strong or sudden urge to urinate, even when very little urine comes out
2. A burning or stinging feeling when urinating
3. Pressure, discomfort or pain in the lower belly
4. Urine that looks cloudy or has a pink or reddish color
5. Urine with a strong or unpleasant smell

If the infection spreads to the kidneys, symptoms can become more serious and may include pain in the lower back or side, fever and chills, nausea or vomiting. If you notice any of these symptoms, especially fever or back pain, seek medical attention immediately.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

To diagnose a UTI, your doctor will test a urine sample for bacteria and blood cells. A urine culture may be done to identify the bacteria causing the infection. UTIs are treated with antibiotics, usually for 1 to 2 weeks. Drinking plenty of water is often recommended, and most infections clear up with treatment. If a UTI does not go away or keeps returning, special tests such as an IVP, ultrasound, or cystoscopic exam may be needed to examine the kidneys and bladder.

Prevention and Self-Care Tips

You can help lower your risk of a urinary tract infection by following these five self‑care steps:

1. Drink plenty of fluids to help flush bacteria out of your urinary tract.
2. Urinate as soon as you feel the urge.
3. Always wipe from front to back after using the toilet
4. Wash the genital area daily and before having sex.
5. Empty your bladder before and after having sex.

UTIs are common but usually preventable and treatable. Recognizing symptoms early and following simple self‑care steps can help prevent infections from getting worse.